PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE: THE EVOLUTION OF ONTOLOGICAL, EPISTEMOLOGICAL, AND ETHICAL PARADIGMS

This article analyzes the formation and development of the history of medicine from a philosophical (ontological, epistemological, and ethical) perspective, structured according to IMRAD requirements. It highlights the ontological evolution of the concepts of disease and health, ranging from animistic beliefs to humoral, tissue-cellular, and modern molecular-genetic levels. Within the epistemology of medical knowledge, the struggle between rationalism and empiricism is scientifically examined, alongside the shift in the physician-patient relationship from paternalism to autonomy. The article provides profound theoretical and methodological insights suitable for Higher Attestation Commission (HAC) standards.