Population and Housing Census 2009 - Vietnam

Abstract
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The 2009 Population and Housing Census was implemented according to Prime Ministerial Decision No. 94/2008/QD-TTg dated 10 July, 2008. This was the fourth population census and the third housing census implemented in Vietnam since the nation was reunified in 1975. The Census aimed to collect basic data on the population and housing for the entire territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, to provide data for research and analysis of population and housing developments nationally and for each locality. It responded to information needs for assessing implementation of socio-economic development plans covering the period 2001 to 2010, for developing the socio-economic development plans for 2011 to 2020 and for monitoring performance on Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations to which the Vietnamese Government is committed.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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Households
Individuals
Dwelling

Universe
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The 2009 Population and Housing Census enumerated all Vietnamese regularly residing in the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at the reference point of 0:00 on 01 April, 2009; Vietnamese citizens given permission by the authorities to travel overseas and still within the authorized period; deaths (members of the household) that occurred between the first day of the Lunar Year of the Rat (07 February, 2008) to 31 March, 2009; and residential housing of the population.

Population and housing censuses were implemented simultaneously taking the household as the survey unit. The household could include one individual who eats and resides alone or a group of individuals who eat and reside together. For household with 2 persons and over, its members may or may not share a common
budget; or be related by blood or not; or marital or adoptive relationship or not; or in combination of both. The household head was the main respondent. For information of which the head of household was unaware, the enumerator was required to directly interview the survey subject. For information on labour and employment, the enumerator was required to directly interview all respondents aged 15 and older; for questions on births, the enumerator was required to directly interview women in childbearing ages (from 15 to 49 years of age) to determine the responses. For information on housing, the enumerator was required to directly survey the household head and/or combine this with direct observation to determine the information to record in the forms.

Kind of data
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Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure
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Sample size
In the 2009 Population and Housing Census, besides a full enumeration, some indicators were collected in a sample survey. The census sample survey was designed to: (1) expand survey contents; (2) improve survey quality, especially for sensitive and complicated questions; and (3) save on survey costs. To improve the
efficiency and reliability of the census sample data, the sample size was 15% of the total population of the country. The sample of the census is a single-stage cluster sample design with stratification and systematic sample selection. Sample selection is implemented in two steps: Step 1, select the strata to determine the sample size for each district. Step 2, independently and systematically select from the sample frame of enumeration areas in each district to determine the specific enumeration areas in the sample.

The sample size of the two census sample surveys in 1989 and 1999 was 5% and 3% respectively, only representative at the provincial level; sample survey indicators covered fertility history of women aged 15-49 years and deaths in the household in the previous 12 months. In the 2009 Census, besides the above two
indicators, many other indicators were also included in the census sample survey. The census sample survey provides data representative at the district level. When determining sample size and allocation, the frequency of events was taken into account for various indicators including birth and deaths in the 12 months prior to the survey, and the number of people unemployed in urban areas, etc.; efforts were also made to ensure the ability to compare results between districts within the same province/municipality and between provinces/ municipalities.

Stratification and sample allocation across strata
To ensure representativeness of the sample for each district throughout the
country and because the population size is not uniform across districts or provinces, the Central Steering Committee decided to allocate the sample directly to 682 out of 684 districts (excluding 2 island districts) throughout the country in 2 steps:

Step 1: Determine the sampling rate f(r) for 3 regions including:
- Region 1: including 132 urban districts;
- Region 2: including 294 delta and coastal rural districts;
- Region 3: including 256 mountainous and island districts.

Step 2: Allocate the sample across districts in each region based on the sampling rates for each region as determined in Step 1 using the inverse sampling allocation method. Through applying to this allocation method, the number of sampling units in each small district is increased adequately to ensure representativeness.
The formula used to calculate the sample rate for each district in each region is provided on page 22 of the Census Report (Part1) provided as external resources.

Sampling unit and method
The sampling unit is the enumeration area that was ascertained in the step to delimit enumeration areas. The sampling frame is the list of all enumeration areas that was made following the order of the list of administrative units at the commune level within each district. In this way, the whole country has 682 sample
frames (682 strata).

The provincial steering committee was responsible for selecting sample enumeration areas using systematic random sampling as follows:
Step 1: Take the total of all enumeration areas in the district, divide by the number of enumeration areas needed in the sampleto determine the skip (k), which is calculated with precision up to 1 decimal point.
Step 2: Select the first enumeration area (b, with b = k), corresponding to the first enumeration area to be selected. Each successive enumeration area to be selected will correspond to the order number: bi = b + i x k ; here i = 1, 2, 3…. Stopping when the number of enumeration areas needed has been selected.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires and survey materials were designed and tested three times before final approval.

Cleaning operations
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The 2009 Population and Housing Census applied Intelligent Character Recognition technology/scanning technology for direct data entry from census forms to the computer to replace the traditional keyboard data entry that is commonly used in Vietnam at present. This is an advanced technology, and the first time it had been
applied in a statistical survey in Vietnam. Preparatory work had to be done carefully and meticulously. Through organization of many workshops and 7 pilot applications with technical and financial assistance from the UNFPA, the new technology was mastered, and the Census Steering Committee Standing Committee approved use of this technology to process the entire results of the 2009 Population and Housing Census. The Government decided to allocate funds through the project on Modernization of the General Statistics Office using World Bank Loan funds to procure the scanning system equipment, software and technical assistance.
The successful use of this technology will create a precedent for continued use of scanning technology in other statistical surveys

After checking and coding at the Provincial/municipal steering committee office, (both the complete census and the census sample survey), forms were checked and accepted then transferred for processing to one of three Statistical Computing Centres in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang. Data processing was implemented in only a few locations, following standard procedures and a fixed timeline. The steering committee at each level and processing centres fully implemented their assigned responsibilities, especially the checking, transmitting and maintenance of survey forms in good condition. The Central Steering Committee collaborated with the Statistical Computer Centres to set up a plan for processing and compiling results, setting up tabulation plans, interpreting and synthesizing output tables, and developing options for extrapolating from sample to population estimates.

The General Statistics Office completed the work of developing software applications and training using ReadSoft software (the one used in pilot testing), organized training on network management and training on systems and programs for logic checks and data editing, developed a data processing protocol, integrated
these systems and completed data flow management programs. The General Statistics Office collaborated with the contractor, FPT, to develop software applications, train staff, testl the system and complete the programs using the new TIS and E-form software.

Compilation of results was implemented in 2 stages. In stage 1 data were compiled from the Census Sample Survey by the end of October, 2009, and in stage 2, data were compiled from the completed census forms, with work finalized in May 2010.

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates from the Census sample survey were affected by two types of error: (1) non-sampling error, and (2) sampling error. Non-sampling error is the result of errors in implementation of data collection and processing such as visiting the wrong dwelling, interviewing the wrong household, mis-understanding of questions by respondents, other errors on the part of respondents or enumerators and data entry. Although many efforts were made to minimize these errors while implementing the survey, non-sampling errors cannot be completely avoided are difficult to evaluate statistically.

On the other hand, sampling error can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents in the Census sample survey is only one of many possible samples that could be selected from the total population using the same sample design method and required sample size. Each of these possible samples could give different results from the sample actually selected. Sampling error results from variation in results from the many different possible samples. Although it is not possible to know this variation precisely, it can be estimated from the sample survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured using standard errors for specific statistical indicators (means, proportions etc.). The standard error is, in fact, the square root of the variance. Standard errors can be used to calculate confidence intervals which contain the true value for the population. For example, for a given statistical indicator calculated from the sample survey, the true statistical value will fall within the interval plus or minus two times the standard error for that indicator with confidence equal to 95% for all possible samples of the same size and sample design.

If the sampling unit is selected following simple random sampling, then it is possible to use formulas to directly calculate standard errors for the sample. However, the Census sample survey was designed with strata, and therefore a more complicated formula must be used. Computer software that could be used to calculate standard errors for stratified samples includes the standard error calculation module of ISSA or STATA. These programs use the Taylor linear expansion method to estimate variance for estimates of means and proportions for sample surveys (See the formula on page 28 of the Census Report (Part1) provided as external resources).

Sampling error in the Census sample survey is calculated for a few selected key indicators. Results are presented in an appendix for estimates at the national, urban and rural, and 6 socio-economic region levels and for 63 provinces/municipalities. For each variable, the statistical estimate (R), standard error (SE), relative standard error (SE/R) and 95% confidence interval (R±2SE) are presented in Annex 4 (provided as external resources).

The confidence interval (for example, when estimating the indicator sex ratio at birth) can be explained as follows: the national estimate for sex ratio at birth is 110,5 boys to 100 girls with a standard error equal to 0.54. Therefore, for a 95% confidence interval, adding and subtracting 2 times the standard error to the
estimate gives us, 110.5±2×0.54. With a high probability (95%) the national sex ratio at birth lies in the interval from 109.5 to 111.6 boys per 100 girls.

Data appraisal
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One extremely important requirement of the 2009 Population and Housing Census was that the quality of the survey data be assured. Implementation of the 2009 Population and Housing Census reflected results of human resource development at the General Statistics Office over many years. Much of the design
and implementation work during the 2009 Population and Housing Census benefitted from and involved further development of methods applied in the 1989 and 1999 Population and Housing Censuses, from the census publicity campaign through the training program and survey regulations. The results are that the General Statistics Office has gained a high level of self-reliance in its ability to organize the 2009 Population and Housing Census with reduced financial and technical assistance from international and foreign organizations. Right after completing the data collection, the Central Steering Committee Standing Committee implemented many methods to assess and verify outcomes of the Census and the results are as follows:

• Verification and supplementary enumeration through the hotline:
The Central Steering Committee Standing Committee collaborated effectively with Vietnam Television and Voice of Vietnam radio to announce to the people throughout the country that they should help to provide information to identify all survey subjects who may have been missed so supplementary enumeration could be performed. By 20 April, 2009, the Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee Office had received feedback from 975 households throughout the country who called the hotline. The results were checked, and 744 households were interviewed to add to the census results, while the remaining 231 households were found to have already been enumerated through other household members or through indirect methods. Although the number of households that were supplemented was not large compared to the nation’s 22 million households, through this activity, the households and Census Steering Committee at all levels showed their consent and trust in the Census results.

• Post-enumeration survey:
Right after the survey work was completed, a sample post-enumeration survey was undertaken in order to evaluate the accuracy of the Census data. A systematic sample involving 60 enumeration areas was randomly selected for reinterview organized directly by the Central Steering Committee Office.

With the objective of evaluating the completeness of the Census, all usual residents of each household were asked four questions : (1) full name, (2) relationship to household head, (3) sex, (4) month and year of birth or age. The responses to these questions were compared to the survey forms (after they were
transferred to the higher levels) to find any cases that were missing from the Census or in the post-enumeration survey. Results of the post-enumeration survey indicated a net error rate of -0.3% (equal to the difference between the undercount rate and the duplication rate), or equivalent to about 258 000 people (see detailed table on page 18 of Part 1 of the Census Report - provided as external resources). If we compare this rate with the error rate of 1.5% to 4.5% of the total population normally found in population and housing censuses in other countries, and at the same time comparing to the previous Census in Vietnam, completeness of this Census is assessed as high.

• Evaluation of the quality of recording in forms:
Immediately after the enumeration was completed, the Central Steering Committee Office collaborated with the Statistical Computing Centre to organize teams to check the quality of recording in the census forms. The results of this exercise indicate that the quality of recording in forms met requirements, and
ensured the ability to use scanning technology for processing.

• Checking focal sites for subjects with a high likelihood of being omitted:
In order to have a stronger basis for releasing preliminary results of the Census, in the first half of July, 2009, the Central Steering Committee Standing Committee decided to undertake sentinel checking for 3 types of subjects with a high probability of being missed. These subjects included: (1) students living in dormitories, (2) students living in boarding houses in the enumeration area, and (3) workers working in industrial zones who rent housing from the local population or who live in tents or other temporary housing of the project or production enterprise far from residential centres. Particularly for Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Binh Duong, places with a large number of in-migrants, the Central Steering Committee directly implemented the checking.

Results of checking indicate that students in dormitories were rarely omitted, because each dormitory has a management board that knows clearly the situation of their housing and information on the individual students, and members of the management board are usually the team leaders or enumerators involved in the survey work. For the remaining two groups, the checking revealed that there is little duplication or omission of these groups, i.e. the undercount and duplication rates are about the same as those found in the post-enumeration survey for the general population.

Besides the methods for checking and post-enumeration mentioned above, during the process of undertaking the Census, the Central Steering Committee organized checking to review the results of drawing maps and listing dwellings 2 times, and to review the preliminary compilation of results 3 times. Thus, through many different methods of checking and post-enumeration surveys, we come to the assessment that the 2009 Population and Housing Census has collected reliable and stable results, appropriate with the effort and work contributed by the political system, the Steering Committees at all levels, the various sectors and the active
participation of the people throughout the country.

摘要
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根据2008年7月10日总理第94/2008/QD-TTg号决定，2009年人口与住房普查得以实施。这是自1975年国家统一以来，越南进行的第四次人口普查和第三次住房普查。普查旨在收集关于整个越南社会主义共和国领土上人口和住房的基本数据，为全国及各地区的居民和住房发展研究与分析提供数据支持。普查响应了评估2001至2010年社会经济发展计划实施情况、制定2011至2020年社会经济发展计划以及监测联合国千年发展目标（越南政府承诺履行）绩效的信息需求。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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家庭
个人
住宅
总体
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2009年人口与住房普查于2009年4月1日0:00时点对在越南社会主义共和国领土内经常居住的所有越南人进行了登记；获当局许可出国并在授权期限内的越南公民；2008年鼠年正月初一（2月7日）至2009年3月31日期间发生的死亡（家庭成员）情况；以及人口住宅。
人口和住房普查同时进行，以家庭为单位进行调查。家庭可以是一个单独进食和居住的个人，也可以是一群共同进食和居住的个人。对于两人及以上的家庭，其成员可能或可能不共享共同预算；或是否有血缘关系；或婚姻或收养关系；或兼而有之。户主为主要受访者。对于户主不知情的信息，调查员需要直接访谈调查对象。对于劳动和就业信息，调查员需要直接访谈15岁及以上的所有受访者；对于出生问题，调查员需要直接访谈生育年龄（15至49岁）的女性以确定回答。对于住房信息，调查员需要直接调查户主并/或结合直接观察来确定记录在表格中的信息。
数据类型
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人口普查/调查数据 [cen]
抽样程序
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样本量
在2009年人口与住房普查中，除了全面普查外，还通过抽样调查收集了一些指标。普查抽样调查的设计目的是：
(1) 扩展调查内容；
(2) 提高调查质量，特别是对于敏感和复杂问题；
(3) 节省调查成本。为了提高普查抽样数据的有效性和可靠性，样本量为全国总人口的15%。普查样本采用单阶段分层集群样本设计，具有分层和系统抽样选择。样本选择分两步进行：
第一步，选择层以确定每个区的样本量。
第二步，从每个区的普查区域抽样框架中独立且系统地选择样本，以确定样本中的具体普查区域。

1989年和1999年的两次普查抽样调查的样本量分别为5%和3%，仅代表省级水平；抽样调查指标包括15-49岁女性的生育史和前12个月家庭中的死亡情况。在2009年普查中，除了上述两项指标外，还包括许多其他指标纳入普查抽样调查。普查抽样调查提供具有区级代表性的数据。在确定样本量和分配时，考虑了各种指标的事件频率，包括调查前12个月内的出生和死亡，以及城市地区失业人数等；还努力确保能够在同一省/市的区内和区间以及省/市间比较结果。
分层和层内样本分配
为确保全国每个区的样本代表性，并考虑到各区和省的人口规模不均匀，中央指导委员会决定分两步将样本直接分配到全国684个区中的682个区（排除2个岛屿区）：
第一步：确定包括以下3个区域的抽样率f(r)：
- 区域1：包括132个城区；
- 区域2：包括294个三角洲和沿海农村区；
- 区域3：包括256个山区和岛屿区。
第二步：根据第一步中确定的每个区域的抽样率，使用逆抽样分配方法在每个区域内的区之间分配样本。通过应用此分配方法，确保每个小区的抽样单位数量得到适当增加，以保障代表性。
抽样单元和方法
抽样单元是在界定普查区域步骤中确定的普查区域。抽样框架是在每个区的乡级行政单位列表顺序之后制作的普查区域列表。因此，整个国家有682个抽样框架（682层）。
省级指导委员会负责使用以下系统随机抽样方法选择样本普查区域：
第一步：将区内的所有普查区域总数除以样本中需要的普查区域数量，以确定跳数（k），计算精度达到小数点后一位。
第二步：选择第一个普查区域（b，其中b = k），对应于要选择的第一个普查区域。每个后续要选择的普查区域将对应于顺序号：bi = b + i x k；这里i = 1，2，3……直到选择所需数量的普查区域。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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问卷和调查材料在最终批准前经过了三次设计和测试。
数据清洗操作
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2009年人口与住房普查应用了智能字符识别技术/扫描技术，从普查表格直接录入数据到计算机，以取代目前越南普遍使用的传统键盘数据录入方式。这是一种先进的技术，也是越南在统计调查中首次应用。准备工作必须仔细而周到。通过组织许多研讨会和7次试点应用，在联合国人口基金会的技术和财政援助下，掌握了这项新技术，普查指导委员会常设委员会批准使用这项技术处理2009年人口与住房普查的全部结果。政府决定通过一般统计局现代化项目使用世界银行贷款资金拨款采购扫描系统设备、软件和技术援助。
成功应用这项技术将为在其他统计调查中继续使用扫描技术树立先例。
在省/市级指导委员会办公室进行检查和编码后，（包括完整的普查和普查抽样调查），表格经检查接受后，转交给河内、胡志明市和岘港的三个统计计算中心之一进行处理。数据处理仅在少数几个地点进行，遵循标准程序和固定的时间表。各级指导委员会和数据处理中心充分履行了其分配的责任，特别是检查、传输和维护调查表格的良好状态。中央指导委员会与统计计算中心协作，制定数据处理和编制结果的计划，制定表格计划，解释和综合输出表格，并开发从样本到人口估计的扩展选项。
国家统计局完成了开发软件应用和培训的工作，使用在试点测试中使用的ReadSoft软件（提供外部资源），组织了网络管理培训，以及逻辑检查和数据编辑系统和程序的培训，开发了数据处理协议，整合了这些系统并完成了数据流管理程序。国家统计局与承包商FPT合作开发软件应用、培训人员、测试系统和使用新的TIS和E表软件完成程序。
结果的编制分两个阶段进行。在第一阶段，到2009年10月底，由普查抽样调查编制数据；在第二阶段，从完成的普查表格中编制数据，工作于2010年5月完成。
抽样误差估计
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普查抽样调查的估计受两种类型的误差影响：
(1) 非抽样误差，
(2) 抽样误差。非抽样误差是数据收集和处理中实施错误的结果，如访问错误的住宅、访谈错误的家庭、受访者对问题的误解，或其他受访者或调查员方面的错误，以及数据录入错误。尽管在实施调查过程中采取了许多努力来最大限度地减少这些错误，但非抽样误差无法完全避免且难以进行统计评估。
另一方面，抽样误差可以通过统计方法进行评估。普查抽样调查中的受访者样本只是从总人口中可能选择的许多样本之一，这些样本使用相同的样本设计方法和所需的样本量。每个这些可能的样本都可能给出与实际选择的样本不同的结果。抽样误差来自许多不同可能样本结果的变化。虽然无法精确知道这种变化，但可以从样本调查结果中进行估计。
抽样误差通常使用特定统计指标（均值、比例等）的标准误差来衡量。标准误差实际上是方差的平方根。标准误差可用于计算包含人口真实值的置信区间。例如，对于从样本调查中计算出的给定统计指标，真实统计值将落在该指标的加减两倍标准误差的区间内，置信度为95%。
如果抽样单元按照简单随机抽样选择，则可以使用公式直接计算样本的标准误差。然而，普查抽样调查是分层的，因此必须使用更复杂的公式。可用于计算分层样本标准误差的计算机软件包括ISSA或STATA的标准误差计算模块。这些程序使用泰勒线性展开法估计样本调查均值和比例估计的方差（参见提供的外部资源《普查报告（第一部分）》第28页上的公式）。
普查抽样调查中计算了一些选定关键指标抽样误差。结果在附录中按国家、城市和农村、6个社会经济区域水平和63个省/市进行展示。对于每个变量，统计估计（R）、标准误差（SE）、相对标准误差（SE/R）和95%置信区间（R±2SE）均在附录4（提供外部资源）中展示。
置信区间（例如，在估计出生性别比时）可以这样解释：国家出生性别比的估计值为每100名女孩110.5名男孩，标准误差为0.54。因此，对于95%的置信区间，将估计值加减两倍标准误差，我们得到110.5±2×0.54。以高概率（95%）推断，国家出生性别比位于每100名女孩109.5至111.6名男孩的区间内。
数据评估
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2009年人口与住房普查的一个极其重要的要求是确保调查数据的质量。2009年人口与住房普查的实施反映了国家统计局多年人力资源开发的结果。在2009年人口与住房普查期间的设计和实施工作中，很大一部分受益于并涉及对1989年和1999年人口与住房普查中应用的方法的进一步发展，从普查宣传运动到培训计划和调查规则。结果是，国家统计局在组织2009年人口与住房普查的能力上取得了高度的自主性，减少了国际和外国组织在财务和技术援助方面的需求。数据收集完成后，中央指导委员会常设委员会立即实施了许多方法来评估和验证普查结果，结果如下：
• 通过热线进行验证和补充登记：中央指导委员会常设委员会与越南电视台和越南之声广播电台合作，向全国人民宣布他们应帮助提供信息，以识别可能被遗漏的所有调查对象，以便进行补充登记。到2009年4月20日，中央人口与住房普查指导委员会办公室已收到来自全国975个家庭的反馈，他们通过热线电话进行了联系。检查结果后，对744个家庭进行了访谈，以补充到普查结果中，而其余231个家庭被发现已经通过其他家庭成员或通过间接方法进行了登记。
• 事后调查：在调查工作完成后，立即进行了一次样本事后调查，以评估普查数据的准确性。随机选择了60个普查区域进行系统样本，由中央指导委员会办公室直接组织进行重新访谈。

旨在评估普查的完整性，对每个家庭的全部常住居民提出了四个问题：
(1) 全名，
(2) 与户主的关系，
(3) 性别，
(4) 出生月份和年份或年龄。将这些问题回答与调查表格（在转移到更高层级后）进行比较，以找出在普查或事后调查中遗漏的任何案例。
事后调查的结果表明，净误差率为-0.3%（等于低估率和重复率的差），相当于约258 000人（参见《普查报告（第一部分）》第18页上的详细表格——提供外部资源）。如果我们将这个比率与其他国家人口和住房普查中通常发现的1.5%至4.5%的总人口误差率进行比较，同时与越南的前一次普查进行比较，则评估该普查的完整性为高。
• 评估表格记录质量：在普查完成之后，中央指导委员会办公室与统计计算中心合作，组织团队检查普查表格记录的质量。这项练习的结果表明，表格记录的质量符合要求，并确保了能够使用扫描技术进行处理。
• 检查高遗漏可能性主题的焦点位置：为了有更坚实的基础发布普查的初步结果，在2009年7月上半月，中央指导委员会常设委员会决定对三种高遗漏可能性的主题进行哨兵检查。这些主题包括：
(1) 寄宿制学生，
(2) 在普查区域寄宿的学生，
(3) 在工业园区工作并从当地居民那里租房或住在远离居住中心的项目或生产企业帐篷或其他临时住房的工人。特别是对于河内、胡志明市和宾阳，这些地方有大量外来移民，中央指导委员会直接实施了检查。
检查的结果表明，寄宿制学生很少被遗漏，因为每个宿舍都有一个管理委员会，清楚地了解他们的住房和学生的信息，而管理委员会的成员通常是调查工作的团队领导或调查员。对于剩余的两个群体，检查发现这些群体的重复和遗漏很少，即低估率和重复率与事后调查中一般人口发现的相同。
除了上述检查和事后调查的方法外，在实施普查的过程中，中央指导委员会还组织了两次检查绘制地图和列出住宅的结果，以及三次审查初步编制的结果。因此，通过多种检查和事后调查方法，我们得出结论，2009年人口与住房普查收集了可靠且稳定的结果，与政治体系、各级指导委员会、各个部门和全国人民积极参与的努力和工作相称。