Fire Modelling of Passenger Trains - FDS files and results

This submission includes FDS input files and corresponding simulation results generated for the Master’s research conducted at Stellenbosch University.This thesis investigates fire growth and tenability conditions in a modern passenger rail carriage, with a focus on both conventional luggage fires and emerging hazards associated with lithium-ion battery devices. Numerical modelling was conducted using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), incorporating generic material properties to ensure broader applicability and adaptability for future train specifications.Eight fire scenarios were analysed, including luggage fires, arson, and lithium-ion powered devices such as tablets, e-bikes, and e-scooters. Conditions were assessed in terms of heat release rate development, flashover potential, and available safe egress time at standing and crawling breathing zones (1.5 m and 0.9 m). Results show that while conventional luggage fires can allow several minutes for safe evacuation, arson and large e-mobility devices can create untenable conditions in under a minute. Smaller battery-powered devices present limited threat, whereas large e-mobility devices produce rapid fire growth and early flashover.The study highlights that material specifications help limit fire spread in small battery incidents, but initial tenability is primarily dictated by the first item ignited. Passenger behaviour, ventilation performance, and operational controls remain critical for maintaining life safety. Overall, the findings demonstrate that although the new X’Trapolis carriage meets stringent fire standards, arson and large lithium-ion devices present severe challenges to passenger survivability.