Effects of cycle and treadmill desks on energy expenditure and cardiometabolic parameters in sedentary workers: review and meta-analysis

<i>Purpose</i>. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effects of cycle and treadmill desks on energy expenditure and cardiovascular and biochemical indicators in sedentary workers. <i>Materials and methods</i>. In February 2018, six databases were searched. Both parallel and crossover design studies evaluating workplace cycle and treadmill desks compared to a conventional seated condition were included. <i>Results</i>. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Cycle and treadmill desks significantly increased energy expenditure (standard mean difference [<i>SMD</i>] = 3.84, <i>p</i> I² = 95%) and the heart rate (<i>SMD</i> = 1.68, <i>p</i> I² = 91%), and lowered blood glucose and insulin levels (<i>SMD</i> = –0.54, <i>p</i> I² = 0% and <i>SMD</i> = –3.13, <i>p</i> I² = 76%, respectively). The interventions had no effect on blood pressure and other biochemical indicators. <i>Conclusion</i>. Cycle and treadmill desks may positively influence energy expenditure in sedentary workers and could be effective for reducing negative effects of workplace-related sedentary behaviour. However, considerable heterogeneity is present in the measuring protocols for energy expenditure.