User study data: Nudges to Mitigate Confirmation Bias during Web Search for Opinion Formation, automatic vs. reflective study

Data of two user studies (282 and 307 participants), investigating the risks and benefits of warning labels with and without obfuscations to mitigate confirmation bias during web search on debated topics.

Study Variables (study 1 and study 2)

 display_con: Search result display    - Study 1        - 1: targeted warning label with obfuscation        - 2:  random warning label with obfuscation        - 3: regular (no intervention)    - Study 2        - 1: targeted warning label with obfuscation        - 2: targeted warning label without obfuscation        - 3: random warning label with obfuscation        - 4: random warning label without obfuscation        - 5: regular (no intervention)- CRT_cat: Cognitive reflection        - 1: intuitive        - 2: analytic- topic: Assigned debated topic        - 1: Is drinking milk healthy for humans?         - 2: Is homework beneficial?        - 3: Should people become vegetarian?        - 4: Should students have to wear school uniforms?- clicksup_prop: Clicks on attitude-confirming (AC) search results (proportion of all clicks)- clickwarn_prop: Clicks on warning label (WL) search results (proportion of all clicks)- show_clicked: Clicks on show-button (number of clicks, only in conditions with obfuscation)- accuracy_bias: Accuracy bias estimation (Difference between a) observed bias (as the proportion of attitude-confirming clicks) and b) perceived bias (reported in the post-interaction questionnaire and re-coded into values from 0 to 1), positive values indicate an overestimation of bias)- att_change: Attitude change (Difference between attitude reported in the pre-interaction questionnaire and the post-interaction questionnaire. Negative values indicate an attitude change in the attitude-opposing direction, while positive values indicate an attitude strengthening in the attitude-supporting direction.)- knowledge_1: Self-reported prior knowledge (Reported on a seven-point Likert scale ranging from non-existent to excellent as a response to how they would describe their knowledge on the topic they were assigned to)- N_clicks: Cumulative clicks (Number of all clicks on search results)- NFC: Need for Cognition (Mean response to 4-item subset of the NFC questionnaire)- UX_usability: Usability (Mean of responses on a seven-point Likert scale to the module "usability"from the meCUE 2.0 questionnaire)- UX_usefulness: Usefulness (Mean of responses on a seven-point Likert scale to the module "usefulness"from the meCUE 2.0 questionnaire)