Adjusted* Mean (SE) values for metabolic measures according to the relationship with frequency of coffee consumption per day.

Values presented are Mean ± SE (Standard error). Fasting insulin, two-hour postload insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, & ISI (composite) are presented as Geometric means. To convert to conventional units: mmol*18.018 = mg/dl; pmol/l*.167 = μIU/ml.† P-value for the test of any association between coffee consumption and the outcome of interest* Model 1: adjusted for sex, age (years), ELSA-Brasil center.Model 2: + race/color (white, pardo, black, asian/indigenous), education (high school or less, some university or more), education of mother (high school or less, some university or more), smoking status (current, former, never smoker), alcohol intake (user, former user, never user), leisure time physical activity level (engage in physical activity one time per week or less, engage in physical activity two or more times per week), hypertension, family history of diabetes, daily fruit consumption, daily vegetable consumption, dairy product intake (g/day), beef intake (g/day), white rice intake (g/day), soda intake (g/day), juice intake (g/day), tea intake (g/day), % kcal from fat.Model 3: + body mass index, waist-hip ratio, C-reactive protein.Model 4: + Magnesium. Further adjustment for insulin measures (fasting and 2-hour postload) for fasting glucose, two-hour postload glucose, and HbA1c analyses.ELSA-Brasil, 2008–2012 (N = 12586).