Individualized dietary nutrition and gut microbiota represent duodenal inflammation and permeability in functional dyspepsia. human gut metagenome

Functional dyspepsia (FD) has long been regarded a syndrome because its pathophysiology is unclear. However, recent reports have provided evidence that changes in the duodenal ecosystem may be key. Only a few studies have comprehensively analyzed the causative factors that induce duodenal inflammation and impair duodenal mucosal integrity. This comprehensive study aimed to identify associated factors and predictive biomarkers. This prospective case-control study included 28 participants (12 with FD, 16 healthy controls). 16s-rRNA sequencing enabled analyses of the gut microbiome from oral, duodenal, and fecal samples.