Stable oxygen isotope ratios of planktonic foraminifera (Appendix A)

We present Globigerinoides ruber, G. sacculifer and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei oxygen isotope records from northwestern subtropical Atlantic Site 1058 spanning the mid Pleistocene (~600 to 400 ka). The high temporal resolution of these records (~800 yr) allows us to compare millennial-scale climate signals during one of the most extreme glacial periods of the Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12) to an earlier, less extreme glacial (MIS 14), as well as to two full interglacial intervals (MIS 13 and MIS 15). We observe excellent agreement in the timing and amplitude of variations between the surface-most dwelling species G. ruber and Northern Hemisphere insolation during the two interglacial periods. There is some expression of Northern Hemisphere insolation during glacial MIS 14; however, during the more extreme glacial MIS 12 Northern Hemisphere insolation patterns are not apparent in any of the planktonic foraminiferal d18O records. Insolation remains relatively high, but d18O values increase toward the characteristic d18O maximum of MIS 12 in all three of the records. On the millennial-scale, all three species display their highest amplitude d18O variations (with a period between 4–6 kyr) during glacial MIS 12. Suborbital-scale variability is also statistically significant during glacial MIS 14, but the amplitude is smaller. These results support hypotheses linking millennial-scale climate fluctuations to the extent of continental glaciation. We propose that the relatively high degree of sea surface instability during one of the most extreme glacial periods of the Pleistocene arises from the competing effects of strong atmospheric winds related to the presence of a large ice sheet to the north and persistently high incident solar radiation during this interval of time.