The evolution of local adaptation in long-lived species

Many species experience heterogeneous environments and adapt genetically to local conditions. The extent of such local adaptation depends on a balance between divergent selection and gene flow, but also on other factors such as phenotypic plasticity or the genetic architecture of traits. Here, we explore the role of life history in this process. We develop a quantitative genetics model and run individual-based simulations to contrast the evolution of local adaptation between short- and long-lived species. We show that local adaptation varies with a species' life cycle and how this cycle modulates the scheduling of selection and dispersal among stages. When a longer generation time is associated with more frequent events of selection than dispersal, local adaptation is more pronounced in long-lived than in short-lived species. Contrastingly, if dispersal occurs more frequently than selection, long-lived species evolve weaker local adaptation. Our simulations confirm these findings and fu..., , , # The evolution of local adaptation in long-lived species

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5qfttdzhn](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.5qfttdzhn)

## Description of the data and file structure

The Supplementary Data contain *Nemo-Age* configuration files (that allow to rerun the individual-based simulations), contain simulation data (that are stored at the end of each simulation run), and contain *R* scripts (to analyze the simulation data and re-build the figures of the manuscript).

### Files and variables

#### File: ini\_files.zip

**Description:** The *Nemo-Age* configuration files (so called ini files; with file extension **.ini**) allow to re-run the individual-based simulations (Cotto et al. 2020; for download and installation of *Nemo-Age* see [here (opens in new window)](https://bitbucket.org/ecoevo/nemo-age-release/src/master/)). There are two kinds of ini files, one kind of ini file with environmental trait contributions being present (folder ***with_env_variance***) and one ot...