Global 1º×1º Monthly Ocean Heat Content, Ocean Heat Uptake and Earth's Energy Imbalance Dataset from Remote Sensing Reconstruction (1993-2021)

As the most significant indicators of global warming, the ocean heat content (OHC) and ocean heat uptake (OHU) changes are tightly linked to the Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI). Here, we produced three types of datasets based on remote sensing reconstruction to measure the change of global ocean heat content and ocean heating rate, and quantify imbalance of radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which are named OPEN-OHC, OPEN-OHU and OPEN-EEI respectively. 1) The OPEN-OHC dataset estimates OHC anomalies over 26 different depths down to 2000 m covering the near-global ocean, with a neural network method, from remote sensing-based products (SSH, SST, and Winds) to Argo-gridded OHC as training data. The resolution is monthly and one degree, while the time span is from 1993 to 2021. The work was published in Remote Sensing (https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/14/2294). It was cited by IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), among the direct estimations of global OHC. 2) To further analyze the change of OHC over time, the OHU is applied to quantify the heating rate of the ocean. The OPEN-OHU was calculated by the first-order time derivative of the global OHC. The work was published in Remote Sensing (https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/3/566). The resolution is monthly and one degree, while the time span is from 1993 to 2021. 3) Over the past few decades, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) have led to a radiation imbalance at the top of the atmosphere. The EEI leads to heat accumulation in the climate system, making it a major cause of climate change. Since the ocean sequesters the vast majority of excess energy (~90%) in the form of heat, it has been proved that global OHU is a good representative of EEI changes. Thus, OPEN-EEI can be estimated by OHU derived from the derivative of the global OHC. The time span is from 1993 to 2021.