Regional differences in log transport distances at the municipal level based on tree species and intended use in Hokkaido, Japan

We identified regional differences in log transport distances based on tree species and uses at the municipal level in Hokkaido, Japan, where logs are primarily directly shipped. We conducted a postal survey from December 2015 to February 2016 targeting forestry entities that produced logs of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) and Todo fir (Abies sachalinensis). We inquired about the origin of the logs and their shipped destination by uses. Based on the analysis of responses from 191 entities, we found that sawlogs of both species and pulpwood logs of Japanese larch had the shortest transport distances, around 40 km, often supplied within the same region as production. In contrast, plywood logs of both species and Todo fir pulpwood logs had longer transport distances: 80 km for Japanese larch plywood logs, 110 km for Todo fir plywood logs, and 60 km for Todo fir pulpwood logs. Plywood logs were mainly supplied to regions with plywood mills and ports, while Todo fir pulpwood logs went to regions with paper mills. Through the utilization of the Local Moran’s I analysis, we demonstrated that municipalities with long transport distances were concentrated in northern Hokkaido. Furthermore, certain municipalities displayed different transport distances from neighbouring municipalities, which could be attributed to the selection of trading partners and the nature of the transaction. In the regions where municipalities with long transport distances were concentrated, we considered that the development of relay transport systems incorporating satellite yards can decrease long-distance transport without substantially changing the supply–demand structure of logs.