REFERENCE VALUE, RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE RELIABILITY OF HAND BEHIND BACK TEST FOR DOMINANT AND NON-DOMINANT HAND IN HEALTHY ADULTS

The Hand Behind Back Test (HBBT) is a simple and functional clinical assessment used to evaluate shoulder internal rotation and combined shoulder movements. In the present study, the normative reference values showed that the dominant hand had a median value of 38.13 cm, while the non-dominant hand demonstrated a slightly higher median value of 39.09 cm, indicating mild functional asymmetry. The test also demonstrated excellent reliability, with intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.988) and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.967), along with low measurement error (SEM = 0.25 cm, MDC = 0.69 cm). These findings suggest that the HBBT is a reliable, consistent, and clinically useful tool for assessing shoulder internal rotation mobility.