Bridging conservation gaps under climate change at multiple scales to protect 30% of Earth's surface by 2030

The 30×30 commitment outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) offers a critical opportunity for enhancing global biodiversity conservation. However, KM-GBF efforts to address climate change impacts remain limited. We developed the 1 km resolution hotspots maps for climate change vulnerability using the exposure-sensitivity-adaptation framework, species distribution for 4 terrestrial vertebrate taxa, and carbon stock capacity including organic and biomass carbon for 2030. Then, we developed a systematic conservation planning approach that, beyond the three conservation features mentioned, also considers human activities, connectivity, and SSP scenarios to identify conservation priorities and gaps for China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region (China-ASEAN) at regional, national, and biogeographical scales.