Supplemental material for: Multiple routes to color convergence in a radiation of Neotropical poison frogs

Convergent evolution is defined as the independent evolution of similar phenotypes in different lineages. Its existence underscores the importance of external selection pressures in evolutionary history, revealing how functionally similar adaptations can evolve in response to persistent ecological challenges through a diversity of evolutionary routes. However, many examples of convergence, particularly among closely related species, involve parallel changes in the same genes or developmental pathways, raising the possibility that homology at deeper mechanistic levels is an important facilitator of phenotypic convergence. Using the genus Ranitomeya, a young, color-diverse radiation of Neotropical poison frogs, we set out to (1) provide a phylogenetic framework for this remarkable group, (2) leverage this framework to determine if color phenotypes are convergent, and (3) to characterize the underlying coloration mechanisms to test whether color convergence occurred through the same or dif..., ,