Postnatal gut microbiota does not directly impact the obesity of offspring of GF mother

GF IQI mice were housed in vinyl isolators under a 12-h light-dark cycle, and given regular chow. On day 18.5, pregnant GF ICR or IQI mice were transferred faecal samples of each SPF control mice to prevent overgrowth of unfavorable microbes, and after bearing, the foetuses were bred by conventional foster ICR mice for 4 weeks. Fecal samples of offsprings was collected during lactation and in adulthood. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA variable regions 3 and 4 was performed as described previously. The libraries were sequenced using Miseq system (Illumina) with a 2 ? 300 base-pair protocols.