Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2015-2016 - Turkmenistan

Abstract
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The 2015-2016 Turkmenistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), conducted between September 2015 and January 2016 by the State Committee of Statistics of Turkmenistan. Financial support was provided by the Government of Turkmenistan and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with additional support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Technical support was provided by UNICEF.

The 2015-2016 Turkmenistan MICS is a nationally representative survey of 6,101 households, of which 5,974 were found to be occupied. Of these, 5,861 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98 percent. In the interviewed households 7,693 women (age 15-49 years) were identified and 3,785 children under age five. Individual questionnaires were completed for 7,618 women and for 3,765 children. The sample allows for the estimation of some key indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 6 regions (Ashgabat city and 5 velayats).

The 2015-2016 Turkmenistan MICS is expected to contribute to the evidence base of several important policies and strategies as well as to form part of the baseline data for the post-2015 era, in particular for monitoring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- Individuals
- Households

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The primary objective of the sample design for the 2015-2016 Turkmenistan MICS was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the six regions of the country: Ashgabat city (capital) and five velayats (regions) – Ahal, Balkan, Dashoguz, Lebap and Mary. Urban and rural areas in each of the five velayats (regions) in addition to Ashgabat city (only urban) were defined as the sampling strata (11 main strata).

A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

The sample size for the 2015- 2016 Turkmenistan MICS was calculated as 6,200 households. For the calculation of the sample size, the key indicator used was the percentage of married women using a contraceptive method from the 2006 Turkmenistan MICS.

The number of households selected per cluster for the 2015-2016 Turkmenistan MICS was determined as 20 households, based on a number of considerations, including a review of the design effects for the estimates of key indicators from the 2006 Turkmenistan MICS data, the budget available, and the time that would be needed per team to complete one cluster.

Selection of 20 households in each sample segment in all regions, resulted in a total target sample of 310 segments and 6200 households. Within each region the sample was allocated proportionately to the urban and rural strata.

For the first sampling stage, the enumeration areas were defined as PSUs selected within each stratum (region, urban/rural) systematically with PPS from the ordered list of PSUs in the sampling frame. The measures of size for the enumeration areas were based on the number of households identified in the sampling frame of the 2012 Census. The PSUs within each stratum were ordered geographically, in order to provide implicit geographic stratification and ensure a proportional distribution of the sample to all parts of the region.

Since the sampling frame (the 2012 Census) was not up-to-date, a new listing of households was conducted in all the sample enumeration areas prior to the selection of households. For this purpose, listing teams were formed who visited all of the selected enumeration areas and listed all households in the enumeration areas.

Listing training was held in the period 16-19 June 2015 (4 days) in Ashgabat city. The training was attended by 3 cartographers, 3 listers, 1 reserve and 1 supervisor from each velayat/Ashgabat city (in total 48 participants). The training program consisted of two parts, the first 1.5 days for theoretical knowledge followed by 1.5 days for conducting a pilot in the field – to implement acquired knowledge into practice.

During the period from 22 June to 16 July 2015 in all regions of Turkmenistan work on the mapping and household listing in the clusters for the MICS was carried out in accordance with the schedule of activities developed by the State Statistical Committee of Turkmenistan. During the listing the following materials were used:
- Manual for Mapping and Household Listing
- Listing Forms
- Schematic maps from the 2012 Census in printed form.

Lists of households were prepared by the listing teams in the field for each enumeration area. The households were then sequentially numbered from 1 to n (the total number of households in each enumeration area) at the State Statistical Committee of Turkmenistan, where the selection of 20 households in each enumeration area was carried out using random systematic selection procedures.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2015-16 - Final Report" pp.182-185.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS5 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes List of Household Members, Education, Child Labour, Child Discipline, Household Characteristics, Water and Sanitation, Handwashing, and Salt Iodization.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. The questionnaire was administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Access to Mass Media and Use of Information/Communication Technology, Fertility/Birth History, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Post-natal Health Checks, Illness Symptoms, Marriage/Union13, Contraception, Unmet Need, Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence and HIV/AIDS.

The children's questionnaire includes Child's Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding and Dietary Intake, Immunization, Care of Illness and Anthropometry.

From the MICS5 model English and Russian version, the questionnaires were customised and translated into the Turkmen language and were pre-tested. A pre-test of the paper version of questionnaires in Russian and Turkmen languages (first pre-test, 12 days) was conducted in Ahal velayat (rural area) and Ashgabat city in July 2015. 200 households were interviewed – 100 using the Turkmen language questionnaires and 100 using Russian language questionnaires. A second pre-test was conducted in August 2015 in 100 households using tablets with revised questionnaires. Based on the results of the pre-tests, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires as well as in the application for tablets.

Cleaning operations
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Data were entered using the CSPro software, Version 5.0. Data collection was carried out on tablets by 37 interviewers and 6 supervisors. Using a tablets facilitated many tasks related to control and management, including:
- assigning households to the interviewers,
- receiving collected data from the interviewers,
- checking household questionnaires and individual questionnaires,
- finalising the cluster,
- preparing the data files to be sent to the Central Office.

Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS programme and adapted to the 2015-2016 Turkmenistan MICS questionnaire were used throughout. Data processing began simultaneously with data collection in September 2015 and was completed in January 2016. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 21. Model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were customized and used for this purpose.

Regular monitoring of the data collection and other relevant processes was carried out by UNICEF staff, consultants (both national and international) as well as by management and staff of the State Committee of Statistics (Turkmenstat) responsible for implementation of the 2015-2016 Turkmenistan MICS.

Response rate
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Of the 6,100 households selected for the sample, one dwelling unit was found to be occupied by two households, leading to a total of 6,101 households in the final sample. Of the 6,101 households, 5,974 were found to be occupied. Of these, 5,861 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98 percent.
In the interviewed households 7,693 women (age 15-49 years) were identified. Of these, 7,618 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99 percent within the interviewed households.
There were 3,785 children under age five listed in the household questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed for 3,765 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of almost 100 percent within interviewed households.
Overall response rates of 97 and 98 percent are calculated for the individual interviews of women and under-5s, respectively.

Sampling error estimates
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Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.

The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
- Standard error (se): Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. For survey indicators that are means, proportions or ratios, the Taylor series linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors. For more complex statistics, such as fertility and mortality rates, the Jackknife repeated replications method is used for standard error estimation.
- Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value (r) of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error.
- Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling based on the same sample size. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design of the survey is as efficient as a simple random sample for a particular indicator, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates an increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
- Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, programs developed in CSPro Version 5.0, SPSS Version 21 Complex Samples module and CMRJack have been used.

Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for all regions. Eight of the selected indicators are based on households members, 16 are based on women, and 14 are based on children under 5.

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

- Age distribution of the household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of children under 5 in household and children under 5 questionnaires
- Birth date reporting: Household population
- Birth date and age reporting: Women
- Birth date and age reporting: Under-5s
- Birth date reporting: Children, adolescents and young people
- Birth date reporting: First and last births
- Completeness of reporting
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators: Underweight
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators: Stunting
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators: Wasting
- Heaping in anthropometric measurements
- Observation of birth certificates
- Observation of vaccination cards at home and in health facility
- Observation of places for handwashing
- Respondent to the under-5 questionnaire
- School attendance by single age
- Sex ratio at birth among children ever born and living
- Births by periods preceding the survey
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months

The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in appendix D in document "Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2015-16 - Final Report" pp.202-214.

摘要
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2015-2016年土库曼斯坦多指标集群调查（MICS）摘要，该调查于2015年9月至2016年1月由国家统计局进行。调查的财政支持来自土库曼斯坦政府和联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF），并得到联合国人口基金（UNFPA）的额外支持。技术支持由UNICEF提供。

2015-2016年土库曼斯坦MICS是一项全国性代表性调查，涉及6,101个家庭，其中5,974个家庭被认定为居住家庭。在这些家庭中，5,861个家庭成功接受了访谈，家庭响应率为98%。在受访的家庭中，确定了7,693名（15-49岁）妇女和3,785名五岁以下儿童。为7,618名妇女和3,765名儿童完成了个人问卷。该样本允许估计国家层面的某些关键指标，包括城市和农村地区，以及6个地区（阿什哈巴德市和5个瓦拉亚特地区）。

2015-2016年土库曼斯坦MICS预计将有助于形成重要政策和战略的证据基础，并成为2015年后时期的基线数据的一部分，特别是监测可持续发展目标（SDGs）的进展。

地理覆盖范围
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全国

分析单元
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- 个人
- 家庭

总体
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调查涵盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民），所有15-49岁的妇女，以及所有居住在家庭中的五岁以下儿童。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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2015-2016年土库曼斯坦MICS样本设计的首要目标是产生大多数指标在国家级、城市和农村地区以及国家六个地区（阿什哈巴德市[首都]和五个瓦拉亚特地区：阿哈尔、巴尔干、达绍古兹、利帕布和玛丽）的统计上可靠的估计。

使用了多阶段、分层聚类抽样方法来选择调查样本。

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数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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通用MICS的问卷是基于MICS5模型问卷的结构化问卷，并进行了一些修改和补充。在每户家庭中进行了家庭问卷，收集了有关家庭成员的各种信息，包括性别、年龄和关系。家庭问卷包括家庭成员名单、教育、儿童劳动、儿童纪律、家庭特征、水和卫生、洗手和食盐碘化。

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数据清理操作
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使用CSPro软件，版本5.0输入数据。数据收集由37名访谈员和6名督导员在平板电脑上完成。使用平板电脑简化了许多与控制和管理工作相关的任务，包括：
- 将家庭分配给访谈员，
- 接收访谈员收集的数据，
- 检查家庭问卷和个人问卷，
- 完成集群，
- 准备要发送到中央办公室的数据文件。

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响应率
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抽样误差估计
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数据评估
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