Gut commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii mitigates LRRK2 Parkinsonism by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing gut homeostasis

Evidence suggests that Lewy body pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) may originate in the gut, with intestinal inflammation serving as an early mediator via the gut-brain axis. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common genetic risk factor for both PD and inflammatory bowel disease. We proposed that modulating the gut microenvironment could assist in mitigating PD progression, particularly in individuals with LRRK2 mutations. Our study indicates that germ-free condition could only partially alleviate PD process in LRRK2 G2019S mice. Mono-inoculation of PG in germ-free LRRK2 G2019S mice mitigated age-dependent motor dysfunction. In the brain, the colonic P. goldsteinii treatment reduces neuronal a-synuclein expression, ease neuroinflammation, and mitigates dopaminergic degeneration. In the gut, the PG administration suppressed the toll-like receptor 4 signaling, facilitated the differentiation of intestinal dendritic cells and macrophages, and increased the abundance of anti-inflammatory T cells. Our findings demonstrated that colonization by P. goldsteinii alleviates the progression of PD by exerting multifaceted effects in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. mouse model with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation was established. The intestinal commensal PG was orally administered to the 5-month-old mice to assess its impact on PD neuropathology. At 2.5 months (midterm) or 5 months (terminal) after PG inoculation, spatial and bulk RNA transcriptomics of brain samples and cytokine assays were conducted. Additionally, intestinal bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, as well as cellular bioenergetic analysis, were performed to explore the gut immunomodulatory effects of PGon the PD process.