Design and engineering of functional nanobodies for biosensing applications

Nanobodies are one type of antibody fragment that can be isolated from italicised{Camelidae} and sharks. Compared to the antibodies presented in mouse, rabbit and human, nanobodies display unique advantages such as improved stability and solubility. However, pristine nanobodies may not be directly applicable for diagnostic applications. This thesis presented the design and engineering of functional nanobodies tailored specifically for biosensing purposes. Guided by advanced biochemical and biophysical analysis, the nanobodies engineered with multi-functionality has the potential to revolutionize future nanobody-based sensing approaches.