A Global Monthly Dataset of Land Surface, Hydrological, and Ecological Variables Simulated by the CSSPv3 Model (1991–2020)

This dataset provides global monthly land surface, hydrological, and ecological variables at a 0.25° spatial resolution for the period 1991–2020. The data are derived from the Conjunctive Surface–Subsurface Process Model version 3 (CSSPv3), a state-of-the-art coupled model that integrates land surface, hydrological, and ecological processes, including irrigation and reservoir operation, dynamic water-carbon couplings, and glacier freeze–thaw cycles within a water–energy balanced framework.The dataset encompasses a comprehensive suite of variables, including: irrigation amount, evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM) at three vertical layers (0–10 cm, 10–40 cm, and 40–100 cm), streamflow, gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (ER).