The development of non-invasive methods, particularly fecal determination, has made possible the assessment of hormone concentrations in wild animal populations. However, measuring fecal metabolites n
1. Individual differences in circulating hormone concentrations can affect life history traits throughout an animal’s life. Despite this, relatively little is known about the potential drivers or cons
1androgen variation between subjects (i.e., effects of androgen as a function of differences between subjects with regard to their average androgen levels); 2androgen variation within subjects (i.e.,