Individuals recorded as adopting (providing allomaternal-care to) orphans at long-term chimpanzee research sites, including cases of temporary care given during mother’s absence.

The adopter’s age is given in years at time of the mother’s death or disappearance. Time to start of care is recorded in months (note cases recorded as ‘fast’ are listed as 1-week or less). Success rates are given as the percentage of orphans who lived for >1 year following their mother’s death. Taï: [1], [20]; Mahale: [3], [4]; Gombe: [2], [5].
* (n) includes one case of temporary adoption.