Parameter values used in the simulations.

Here, refers to the extracellular domain, refers to the membrane domain, and refers to the intracellular domain (see Fig 1). Note that the intracellular diffusion coefficients for Na+, K+ and are set up such that the ratio between the intracellular and extracellular diffusion coefficients are the same as for Ca2 + . Moreover, in the cell membrane (), the diffusion coefficient is set to zero for all ions. Electrodiffusion through channels and exchangers in the membrane is handled using local fluxes as explained in Sect 2.4.