Estimates (standard errors) and 95% confidence intervals of the causal effect of body mass index on schizophrenia risk (log odds ratio for schizophrenia per 1 standard deviation increase in body mass index) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on Alzheimer’s disease risk (log odds ratio for Alzheimer’s per 1 standard deviation increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) from the IVW method with: 1) the full set of genetic variants (IVW); 2) robust regression; 3) penalized weights; and 4) robust regression and penalized weights.

Results from Lasso penalization with the heterogeneity stopping rule and cross-validation, simple median, weighted median and MR-Egger methods are also presented.