Identification of potential phytochemical for the inhibition of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is one of the most common type of bladder cancer. Here, we have utilized an integrated transcriptomic-computational approach to identify alternate treatments to the NMIBC. In this study, we have performed the comprehensive comparative analysis between three groups of 36 patients with non-relapsed (NR), recurrence and progressive symptoms. Differentially expressed genes involved in the pathways associated with the NMIBC were identified. <i>In silico</i> protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was performed to create the network of the hub genes associated with NMIBC. Further, we compared NR individuals with two cohorts of patients with recurrent and progressive symptoms that lead to the identification of three major biomarkers CD34, FLT1 and WHSC1 genes. Concurrently, PPI also suggests that they are significant hub genes responsible for disease recurrence and progression. Furthermore, targeted genes WHSC-1 and FLT-1 were subjected to virtual screening for identification phytochemical inhibitors. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations concluded that the phytochemicals anonymously named ‘UNK’ and ‘6-hydroxycyanidin’ are suitable for the inhibition of the proteins causing the NMIBC. In the future, this study will help for strengthening the strategies development at the molecular level for the control of carcinomas at early as well as detection of active and binding site, receptor–ligand interaction and also make drug designing for the early treatment of the carcinomas. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma