How do we solve wicked problems? Effective crowd management

This paper introduces concepts that may improve our understanding of crowd behaviour and new tools which may help to improve the management of crowds. A multidisciplinary approach taken, drawing on psychology, sociology, mathematics and computer science, amongst other disciplines, and incorporating general management theory, complexity theory and concepts of emergent behaviour and complex adaptive systems. The new tools available for crowd management have been made possible due to advances in digital technology and artificial intelligence.