Amplicon sequencing analysis using next generation sequencer for the genomic diagnosis of pesticide resistance in the diamondback moth populations. Plutella xylostella

To monitor the development of pesticide resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera; Plutellidae), against plural major insecticides in wild populations in a regional scale, we conducted amplicon sequencing analyses using Illumina MiSeq for 2213 male individuals of the diamondback moth collected by synthetic sex-pheromone traps in Nagano prefecture, Japan from 2016 to 2017. Mutation sites related to the resistance against multiple major insecticides including diamides, pyrethroids, Bt toxins, organophosphates and spinosyns were amplified from genomic DNA and analyzed by the amplicon sequencing. Because 87 individuals were actually not diamondback moths (other insects similar to the diamondback moth), and 10 individuals were caught in the out of the study season, 2116 of 2213 individuals were used in the study.