Integration of Wood Anatomy and Artificial Intelligence: A Technological Framework Based on the UTN Xylotheque for Forensic Identification and Forest Governance in Ecuador.

Accurate identification of timber species is fundamental for sustainable forest management and mitigating illegal logging in Ecuador. This study characterizes the Wood Anatomy Laboratory and Xylotheque (LAMX) at the Technical University of the North, a strategic collection housing 510 cataloged samples (127 species, 56 families) and 2,267 histological preparations. Based on an analysis of records from the Forest Management System (SAF), a prioritized list of 129 commercial species was developed, identifying critical gaps in the collection's representation. To facilitate on-site digital monitoring, the mobile application "Wood Identifier UTN" was developed, based on lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for the automated macroscopic recognition of five high-value pilot Neotropical species. Validation of the model through field tests in timber yards in Ibarra demonstrated a high capacity for taxonomic discrimination, achieving an overall accuracy of 94.04% and an F1-score of 0.976 with the MobileNetV2 architecture. This hybrid approach establishes a scalable, transparent, and low-cost technological framework that strengthens regulatory compliance and enhances forest governance in Neotropical regions. Keywords: Wood anatomy; CITES compliance; timber traceability