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This study constructs a competence model for managerial roles within enterprises by integrating socio-technical system theory and data mining analysis. Drawing on 200 job postings from the BOSS Recruitment platform in China, the research identifies the evolving competency requirements of managerial positions under digital transformation. Using KH Coder-based text mining, the study uncovers industry-specific patterns and develops a dual-layer “ability–scenario” framework that captures the dynamic interaction between managerial skills and contextual adaptability. Results reveal that both managerial and professional competencies carry comparable importance, while communication ability functions as a key moderating factor across industries. The proposed model contributes to the understanding of how enterprises align human–machine collaboration, talent strategy, and organizational resilience. These findings extend socio-technical perspectives to managerial competency research and provide practical implications for human resource development in digitally transforming business environments.