Amplified Copper Ion Interference and Immunomodulation using Self-Thermophoretic Nanomotors to Treat Refractory Implant-Associated Biofilm Infections

Orthopedic implant-associated biofilm infections (IABIs) are refractory to elimination and eventually trigger disastrous surgical failure. Specifically, the dense biofilm structure formed on the implant prevents drug penetration, while the pathological biofilm microenvironment (BME) dampens local immunological competence.