Data for Sustainable intensification: time to question the goal of ever-increasing agricultural production

<br>## General<br>This project examines how land use intensity (LUI) affects soil multifunctionality in agricultural systems, with a focus on grasslands and croplands under conventional, organic and semi-natural management. Soil samples from 45 grasslands and 37 croplands were analysed alongside detailed information of farm management practices. The sites were distributed in the east of the Netherlands, within a restricted geographic area specifically by design to minimise influence of pedoclimatic conditions that vary broadly across larger spatial scales. Soil functions were quantified using the Soil Navigator Decision Support System, and LUI was calculated from 11 management indicators for grasslands and croplands separately.<br>## Description<br>- Management dataInformation on farm management practices were obtained from questionnairesDetailed information on the management practices applied on the fields were collected with two questionnaires, one for grasslands and one for cropland. For both grassland and cropland sites, general questions General information about the farm were collected, and more specific questions about the sampling fields were included about nitrogen and phosphorus mineral and organic fertilisation, liming, tillage, irrigation and pest control. Additional information relevant to either grasslands (plant species richness, density and type of grazing animals, number of harvests per season) and croplands (number of crop categories per field, number of crop species in rotation, number of years in grassland in rotation) were also included. Data are found in the file "Management_lab_env.csv" and details about variables are provided in the file "Code book for Management_lab_env.csv"<br>- Soil dataSoil analyses were performed after taking soil samples at each field. In each field, we used a 10 by 10 m square area for soil sampling. The top side of the square was oriented to the North. The square was located roughly in the centre of the field, staying at least 20 m from the field edges to avoid edge effects of management practices. The 10 by 10 m square was subdivided into 100 equally sized squares, numbered from 1 to 100. Six of those 100 were selected for soil sampling using a random number app generator. Three of the six squares (field measurements squares) were used for sampling earthworms and measure infiltration rates in the field. The other three squares were used to collect one sample with bulk density ring (50 mm diameter by 50 mm height), as well as four soil cores samples to a depth of 200 mm using an auger (100 mm diameter), that were all placed in a single bag to obtain one composite sample per field (composed of 4 x 3 cores). This composite sample was used for biological (fungal, bacterial and total microbial biomass, nematode abundance), physical (water holding capacity, texture) and chemical (total carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), Melich extractable-phosphorus (P), total mineralisable N, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and pH) analyses. All samples were brought to the laboratory in the evening of each sampling day. Soil samples for nematode abundance and gravimetric water content analyses were stored at 4°C, and later analysed within 4 weeks of sampling. Within a few days (maximum 4 days), a subsample of that fridge-stored sample was sieved to &lt;2 mm and freeze-dried at -60°C for 2 days, and kept at -20°C for total microbial and fungal and bacterial biomass estimations. Soil samples for physical and chemical analyses were dried at 40°C for 72 hr and sieved to &lt;2 mm, and analysed within 8 weeks of sampling. For some analyses (e.g., total C and N), soils were grounded after sieving to &lt;2 mm.Data are found in the file "Management_lab_env.csv" and details about variables are provided in the file "Code book for Management_lab_env.csv"<br>- Environmental dataGeneral information about annual and seasonal precipitation and temperatures at the sampling sites were obtained from a single weather station (Hubsen, The Netherlands) central to the majority of the sites. Available on the website of the meteorological institute: https://daggegevens.knmi.nl/klimatologie/monv/reeksen.Depth of the grounwater table was obtained from governmental geological survey: https://www.dinoloket.nl/Altitude and slope were obtained from the Actueel Hoogtebetsand, an information service from the Dutch provinces: https://www.ahn.nlData are found in the file "Management_lab_env.csv" and details about variables are provided in the file "Code book for Management_lab_env.csv"<br>- Soil functions scoresScores for five main soil functions (Primary production, Water regulation, Nutrient Cycling, Habitat for biodiversity, Climate regulation) were obtained by entering the soil variables, management and environmental data into the soil navigator online: http://www.soilnavigator.eu/Data are found in the file "Scores.csv" and details about variables are provided in the file "Code book for Scores.csv"<br><br>

## 概述
本研究聚焦农业生态系统，探讨土地利用强度（Land Use Intensity, LUI）对土壤多功能性的影响，重点覆盖采用常规、有机及半自然管理模式的草地与农田。研究共采集45块草地及37块农田的土壤样本，同时配套收集了农场管理措施的详细信息。所有样地均布设于荷兰东部，通过研究设计限定了地理范围，以尽可能消除大空间尺度下广泛变化的土境气候条件所带来的影响。土壤多功能性通过土壤导航决策支持系统（Soil Navigator Decision Support System）进行量化，而LUI则分别基于11项管理指标，针对草地与农田单独计算得到。

## 数据集详情
- 管理数据
农场管理措施信息通过问卷调研获取。研究针对草地与农田分别设计了两份问卷，收集农场基本信息以及样地的具体管理细节，涵盖氮、磷矿质与有机肥施用、石灰调控、耕作、灌溉及病虫害防治等内容；此外还补充收集了草地专属信息（植物物种丰富度、放牧动物密度与类型、季均收获次数）与农田专属信息（单田作物类别数、轮作作物物种数、轮作草地种植年限）。相关数据存储于文件"Management_lab_env.csv"，变量详细说明见"Code book for Management_lab_env.csv"。
- 土壤数据
在每块样地采集土壤样本后开展土壤分析。每块样地选取10 m×10 m的正方形区域进行土壤采样，该正方形的北边朝向正北，且大致位于样地中心，与样地边缘保持至少20 m的距离以规避管理措施的边缘效应。将该10 m×10 m的正方形划分为100个等大的小方格，编号1至100，通过随机数生成器从中选取6个小方格。其中3个小方格（样地测量区）用于采集蚯蚓样本并测定田间入渗率；剩余3个小方格则分别用容重环刀（直径50 mm、高度50 mm）采集1个容重样本，以及用直径100 mm的土钻采集4个深度200 mm的土芯样本，将所有土芯样本装入同一袋中，得到每块样地的复合样本（由4组×3个土芯组成）。该复合样本用于开展生物学（真菌、细菌及总微生物生物量，线虫丰度）、物理学（持水能力、土壤质地）及化学分析（总碳（C）、总氮（N）、梅利奇提取态磷（Melich extractable-phosphorus）、总矿化氮、阳离子交换量（CEC）及pH值）。所有样本均在采样当日晚间送至实验室。用于线虫丰度及重量含水量分析的土壤样本于4℃下保存，并在采样后4周内完成分析。从该冷藏样本中取部分子样本过2 mm筛，于-60℃冷冻干燥2天后，置于-20℃下保存，用于总微生物、真菌及细菌生物量的测定。用于物理及化学分析的土壤样本于40℃下干燥72小时后过2 mm筛，并在采样后8周内完成分析；部分分析项目（如总碳、总氮）需在过筛后对土壤进行研磨处理。相关数据存储于文件"Management_lab_env.csv"，变量详细说明见"Code book for Management_lab_env.csv"。
- 环境数据
采样点的年、季降水与气温数据来自位于多数样地中心的荷兰Hubsen气象站，可通过荷兰皇家气象研究所官网获取：https://daggegevens.knmi.nl/klimatologie/monv/reeksen。地下水位深度数据来自荷兰政府地质调查局：https://www.dinoloket.nl。海拔与坡度数据来自荷兰省份提供的信息服务Actueel Hoogtebestand：https://www.ahn.nl。相关数据存储于文件"Management_lab_env.csv"，变量详细说明见"Code book for Management_lab_env.csv"。
- 土壤功能得分
通过将土壤变量、管理措施及环境数据输入土壤导航在线平台（http://www.soilnavigator.eu/），得到5项核心土壤功能的得分：初级生产、水分调控、养分循环、生物多样性栖息地、气候调节。相关数据存储于文件"Scores.csv"，变量详细说明见"Code book for Scores.csv"。