HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL ORCHESTRA

This article examines the historical stages of the formation and development of traditional orchestras in Uzbekistan, their artistic, aesthetic, and performance characteristics, as well as classification principles. It analyzes the transition from ancient ensemble performance to the professional orchestral culture of the 20th century, associated with the systematization of national instruments, the development of orchestration, and the formation of a conducting school. Particular attention is paid to the two main types of traditional ensembles—the folk instrument orchestra and the maqam orchestra—their repertoire specifics, modal and rhythmic features, and timbre organization. The functions of the conductor in preserving national musical thinking, ensuring timbre balance, and interpreting maqam structures in a polyphonic setting are explored. A conclusion is drawn about the significance of traditional orchestras as an important element of professional musical culture and a means of preserving the national musical heritage.