SMARTCARB wind fields

The dataset contains wind fields generated with the COSMO-GHG atmospheric transport model in the SMARTCARB project. The SMARTCARB project was a support study funded by ESA, where synthetic satellite CO2, CO and NO2 observations were generated for the Copernicus CO2 Monitoring (CO2M) satellite constellation and the Sentinel-5 satellite instrument.  The satellite observations are available here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4048228. The results of the SMARTCARB study have been published in several papers: Brunner et al. 2019, Kuhlmann et al. 2019, 2020 and 2021.

The model domain is about 750 km in the east-west and 650 km in the south-north direction. The domain was centered over the city of Berlin and includes several power plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The spatial resolution was 1.1 km × 1.1 km. The wind fields in this dataset are taken from the COSMO-GHG simulations from 1st January to 24th December 2015 at 11 UTC, which is the CO2M overpass time over Europe. The U and V components are rotated to have true eastward and northward winds (instead of the rotated components written by COSMO-GHG).

The dataset contains the following wind fields:

`U` and `V` profiles for the lowest 40 model layers. The height of the model levels is given by the HHL variable.

`U_10M` and `V_10M` are the wind speeds at 10 m above ground.

`U_GNFR_A` and `V_GNFR_A` are winds vertically weighted with the emission profile for power plants used in the simulations (see Brunner et al. 2019 for details). 

The output below shows the structure of the netCDF files (using ncdump -h):

netcdf SMARTCARB_winds_2015010111 {dimensions:        rlat = 600 ;        rlon = 700 ;        time = 1 ;        level = 40 ;        level1 = 41 ;variables:        double rlat(rlat) ;                rlat:_FillValue = NaN ;        double rlon(rlon) ;                rlon:_FillValue = NaN ;        int64 time(time) ;                time:units = "days since 2015-01-01 11:00:00" ;                time:calendar = "proleptic_gregorian" ;        float height_10m ;                height_10m:_FillValue = NaNf ;                height_10m:standard_name = "height" ;                height_10m:long_name = "height above the surface" ;                height_10m:units = "m" ;                height_10m:positive = "up" ;        float U(time, level, rlat, rlon) ;                U:_FillValue = NaNf ;                U:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ;                U:long_name = "U-component of wind" ;                U:units = "m s-1" ;                U:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ;                U:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ;        float V(time, level, rlat, rlon) ;                V:_FillValue = NaNf ;                V:standard_name = "northward_wind" ;                V:long_name = "V-component of wind" ;                V:units = "m s-1" ;                V:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ;                V:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ;        float lon(rlat, rlon) ;                lon:_FillValue = NaNf ;                lon:standard_name = "longitude" ;                lon:long_name = "longitude" ;                lon:units = "degrees_east" ;        float lat(rlat, rlon) ;                lat:_FillValue = NaNf ;                lat:standard_name = "latitude" ;                lat:long_name = "latitude" ;                lat:units = "degrees_north" ;        float U_10M(time, rlat, rlon) ;                U_10M:_FillValue = NaNf ;                U_10M:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ;                U_10M:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ;                U_10M:units = "m s-1" ;                U_10M:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ;        float V_10M(time, rlat, rlon) ;                V_10M:_FillValue = NaNf ;                V_10M:standard_name = "northward_wind" ;                V_10M:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ;                V_10M:units = "m s-1" ;                V_10M:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ;        float HHL(time, level1, rlat, rlon) ;                HHL:_FillValue = NaNf ;                HHL:standard_name = "altitude" ;                HHL:long_name = "height" ;                HHL:units = "m" ;                HHL:grid_mapping = "rotated_pole" ;                HHL:positive = "up" ;                HHL:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ;        float U_GNFR_A(time, rlat, rlon) ;                U_GNFR_A:_FillValue = NaNf ;                U_GNFR_A:standard_name = "eastward_wind" ;                U_GNFR_A:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ;                U_GNFR_A:units = "m s-1" ;                U_GNFR_A:long_name = "U-component of wind weighted with GNFR-A emission profile" ;                U_GNFR_A:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ;        float V_GNFR_A(time, rlat, rlon) ;                V_GNFR_A:_FillValue = NaNf ;                V_GNFR_A:standard_name = "northward_wind" ;                V_GNFR_A:grid_mapping = "latitude_longitude" ;                V_GNFR_A:units = "m s-1" ;                V_GNFR_A:long_name = "V-component of wind weighted with GNFR-A emission profile" ;                V_GNFR_A:coordinates = "lon lat height_10m" ;

// global attributes:                :CREATOR = "Gerrit Kuhlmann" ;                :EMAIL = "[e-mail]" ;                :ORIGIN = "SMARTCARB COSMO-GHG simulations" ;                :DATE\ CREATED = "Tue Aug 23 09:42:59 2022" ;

References

D. Brunner, G. Kuhlmann, J. Marshal, V. Clément, O. Fuhrer, G. Broquet, A. Löscher, and Y. Meijer: Accounting for the vertical distribution of emissions in atmospheric CO2 simulations, Atm. Chem. Phys., doi: 10.5194/acp-19-4541-2019, 2019.

G. Kuhlmann, G. Broquet, J. Marshall, V. Clément, A. Löscher, Y. Meijer, and D. Brunner: Detectability of CO2 emission plumes of cities and power plants with the Copernicus Anthropogenic CO2 Monitoring (CO2M) mission, At-mos. Meas. Tech., doi: 10.5194/amt-12-6695-2019, 2019.

G. Kuhlmann, D. Brunner, G. Broquet, and Y. Meijer: Quantifying CO2 emissions of a city with the Copernicus An-thropogenic CO2 Monitoring satellite mission, Atmos. Meas. Tech., doi: 10.5194/amt-13-6733-2020, 2020.

G. Kuhlmann, S. Henne, Y. Meijer and D. Brunner: Quantifying CO2 emissions of power plants with CO2 and NO2 imaging satellites, Front. Remote Sens., doi: 10.3389/frsen.2021.689838, 2021.