Structural Stability of Energy Networks: A Non-Normal Amplification Framework

Abstract We study stability of energy and infrastructure networks using a non-normal operator framework. Classical approaches rely on steady-state power flow and spectral criteria, which do not capture transient amplification caused by network coupling and delays. We model linearized dynamics around an operating point and show that non-normality can induce large transient growth even under spectral stability. A network-adapted K-functional is introduced to quantify amplification relative to system capacity, yielding a computable criterion for cascade onset. Analytical bounds and illustrative examples demonstrate how coupling strength, topology, and delay influence stability margins.