A novel mtDNA deletion mutation in ND1 is maternally inherited over generations in growth hormone-transgenic amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae). Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae

Growth hormone (GH) is used for manipulating the growth of economically important species, such as fish and mammals. In this study, we observed that homozygous and heterozygous GH-transgenic amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae) derived from only one female exhibited hypoglycemia. Proteomic and signal network analyses using iTRAQ indicated a decreased NAD+/NADH ratio in transgenic fish, which is indicative of reduced mitochondrial ND1 function and ROS levels. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing revealed that approximately 28% of the deletion mutations in the GH homozygous- and female heterozygous-derived mtDNA occurred in ND1. These fish also displayed decreased ROS levels. Our results indicate that GH transgenesis in amago salmon may induce specific deletion mutations that are maternally inherited over generations and alter energy production.