Table 1

Summary of commonly used laser and energy-based devices in Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI, including wavelength, clinical indications, reported safety, and best practices for minimizing adverse events. Devices are categorized by laser type. Safety assessments and recommendations are based on available literature. PIH: post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation; Nd:YAG: neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; Er:YAG: erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; CO₂: carbon dioxide; nm: nanometers.