Unveiling Insensitive High-Nitrogen Energetic Materials: Fabrication of Pyrimidine via Bridging and Self-Assembly

The development of insensitive high-energy-density materials
(IHEMs)
without compromising their performance remains a significant challenge
for energetic materials chemists worldwide. In this study, a straightforward
bridging approach and a much-underexplored self-assembly approach
were employed to synthesize a series of novel energetic compounds
with exceptional properties, including high densities (1.80–1.92
g cm–3), excellent thermal stability (190–278
°C), and outstanding detonation performance (VOD: 8388–9496
m s–1; DP: 28.26–37.60 GPa). These materials
also exhibit remarkable insensitivity to impact (>25 J) and friction
(>288 N). Among them, compound 5 demonstrates superior
physicochemical and energetic characteristics, making it a promising
alternative to HMX and FOX-7 and recently reported compounds 2,4,6-triamino-5-nitropyrimidine-1,3-dioxide
(ICM-102) and 3,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone (IHEM-1).
This study underscores the exceptional potential of self-assembly
and bridging strategies in designing advanced IHEMs, offering enhanced
synthetic feasibility and scalability for next-generation advanced
energetic materials.