Representative parameters of physiological factors underlying mobility for each age group.

Values are means ± SD of the following mobility parameters: oxygen consumption (), heart rate (HR), and mechanical load at ventilatory threshold (Tvent) during incremental cycling; vertical (V) and antero-posterior (AP) peak power during chair rising (STS) at maximal intensity; flight time and peak power during a countermovement jump (CMJ); peak torque and rate of force development (RFD) during isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extensor muscles; muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) of vastus lateralis and the antagonist coactivation from surface electromyography (sEMG) during knee extension maximal voluntary contraction.* = significantly different between young (Y) and older (O) participants;† = significantly different between middle-aged (M) and older participants;‡significantly different between young and middle-aged participants.