Afrobarometer Survey 2008, Merged Round 4 Data (20 Countries) - Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambi

Abstract
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The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries. The survey covered 20 countries in Round 4 (2008-2009).

Geographic coverage
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The Round 4 Afrobarometer surveys have national coverage for the following countries: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of Cabo Verde, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Analysis unit
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Individuals

Universe
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The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

What to do about areas experiencing political unrest? On the one hand we want to include them because they are politically important. On the other hand, we want to avoid stretching out the fieldwork over many months while we wait for the situation to settle down. It was agreed at the 2002 Cape Town Planning Workshop that it is difficult to come up with a general rule that will fit all imaginable circumstances. We will therefore make judgments on a case-by-case basis on whether or not to proceed with fieldwork or to exclude or substitute areas of conflict. National Partners are requested to consult Core Partners on any major delays, exclusions or substitutions of this sort.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Data weights
For some national surveys, data are weighted to correct for over or under-sampling or for household size. "Withinwt" should be turned on for all national -level descriptive statistics in countries that contain this weighting variable. It is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. For merged data sets, "Combinwt" should be turned on for cross-national comparisons of descriptive statistics. Note: this weighting variable standardizes each national sample as if it were equal in size.

Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found at https://afrobarometer.org/surveys-and-methods/sampling-principles

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Certain questions in the questionnaires for the Afrobarometer 4 survey addressed country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked
across surveys. Citizens of the 20 countries were asked questions about their economic and social situations, and their opinions were elicited on recent political and economic changes within their country.

摘要
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阿非罗巴罗米特器是一系列比较性的公众态度调查，旨在评估非洲公民对民主与治理、市场以及公民社会等议题的态度。自1999年以来，该调查以定期间隔进行。第1轮（1999-2001年）最初覆盖7个国家，后扩展至12个国家。第2轮（2002-2004年）调查了16个国家的公民。第3轮（2005-2006年）覆盖18个国家。第4轮（2008-2009年）调查了20个国家。
地理覆盖范围
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第4轮阿非罗巴罗米特器调查对以下国家进行了全国性覆盖：贝宁、博茨瓦纳、布基纳法索、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、佛得角共和国、塞内加尔、南非、坦桑尼亚、乌干达、赞比亚。
分析单元
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个人
总体
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阿非罗巴罗米特器调查的样本总体包括该国所有具有投票年龄的公民。换句话说，我们排除了任何非公民以及任何在调查当天未达到此年龄（通常为18岁）的人。此外，还包括那些被认为对研究不相关或难以到达的地区，例如正在经历武装冲突或自然灾害的地区，以及国家公园和野生动物保护区。在实践中，我们还将居住在制度化环境中的人排除在外，例如宿舍的学生和监狱或养老院的人员。
如何处理经历政治动荡的地区？一方面，我们希望包括它们，因为它们在政治上很重要。另一方面，我们希望避免在等待局势平息的同时，将实地调查延长数月。在2002年开普敦规划研讨会上达成共识，很难制定一条适合所有可想象情况的普遍规则。因此，我们将根据具体情况逐案判断是否进行实地调查、排除或替换冲突地区。要求国家合作伙伴在出现此类重大延误、排除或替换时咨询核心合作伙伴。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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阿非罗巴罗米特器使用符合以下标准的国家级概率样本。样本旨在生成一个代表特定国家所有具有投票年龄公民的代表性横截面样本。目标是给予每位成年公民平等且已知的被选为访谈对象的机会。他们通过以下方式实现这一目标：
• 在抽样每个阶段都使用随机选择方法；
• 在可能的情况下，所有阶段均按人口规模的比例进行抽样，以确保较大的（即人口较多的）地理单位有更大的概率被选入样本。
抽样总体通常包括所有18岁及以上的公民。作为标准做法，我们排除了居住在制度化环境中的人，例如宿舍的学生、医院的病人以及监狱或养老院的人员。偶尔，我们还必须排除由于冲突或不安全而难以到达的地区居住的人。任何此类排除都将在伴随每个数据集的技术信息报告中注明。
样本大小和设计
样本通常包括1,200个或2,400个案例。n=1200个案例的随机选择样本允许对国家成年人口进行推断，抽样误差不超过±2.8%，置信水平为95%。在n=2400的样本量下，置信水平为95%时的误差范围降低至±2.0%。
样本设计是一个集群的、分层的、多阶段的、区域概率样本。具体来说，我们首先根据主要次国家政府单位（州、省、地区等）和城市或农村位置进行分层。
区域分层减少了独特种族或语言群体被排除在样本之外的几率。阿非罗巴罗米特器偶尔会故意对国内政治上具有重要意义的人群进行超抽样，以确保子样本的大小足够大，可以进行分析。任何超抽样都会在技术信息报告中注明。
样本阶段
样本是在四个或五个阶段中抽取的：
阶段1：仅在乡村地区，第一阶段是抽取二级抽样单位（SSU）。在城区不使用SSU，在一些国家，在乡村地区也不使用。请参阅伴随每个数据集的技术信息报告，了解任何特定国家的样本具体细节。
阶段2：我们随机选择一级抽样单位（PSU）。
阶段3：然后随机选择抽样起点。
阶段4：访谈者随后随机选择家庭。
阶段5：在家庭内部，访谈者随机选择一个受访者。每位访谈者在每个家庭中交替采访男性和女性，以确保样本中的性别平衡。为了将实地调查的成本和物流控制在可管理的范围内，每个选定的PSU中集群了八次访谈。
数据权重
对于某些国家级调查，数据经过加权以纠正过度或不足抽样或家庭规模。在包含此加权变量的国家，应启用“Withinwt”以进行所有国家级描述性统计。它包含在数据集的最后，具体细节在代码簿中描述。对于合并数据集，应启用“Combinwt”以进行跨国家描述性统计的比较。注意：此加权变量将每个国家级样本标准化，使其大小相等。
有关抽样协议的更多信息，包括样本选择每个阶段的所用方法的完整细节，可在https://afrobarometer.org/surveys-and-methods/sampling-principles找到。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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阿非罗巴罗米特器4调查问卷中的某些问题针对特定国家的问题，但许多相同的问题在调查中都被提出。20个国家的公民被问及他们的经济和社会状况，并就其国内最近的政治和经济变化表达了自己的观点。