PULMONARY VENTILATION AND THE MECHANISM OF GAS EXCHANGE IN THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange are essential physiological processes that ensure the supply of oxygen to tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs, while gas exchange occurs through diffusion across the alveolar–capillary membrane between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. This study aimed to analyze the physiological mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange and to identify the key factors influencing their efficiency. The research was conducted using a theoretical and analytical approach based on the analysis of modern scientific literature in respiratory physiology. Particular attention was given to the mechanics of breathing, diffusion processes in the alveoli, and the neural and chemical regulation of respiration. The results indicate that efficient gas exchange depends on several physiological factors, including the surface area of the alveoli, thickness of the respiratory membrane, ventilation–perfusion matching, and partial pressure gradients of respiratory gases. Proper functioning of these mechanisms ensures effective oxygen transport and carbon dioxide elimination. Understanding the mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange is essential for explaining respiratory physiology and for improving the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases.