Supplementary data.

Burullus Lagoon, situated in the Nile Delta of Egypt, is a Ramsar-listed wetland of high ecological importance, particularly in relation to its floristic diversity. This study presents a field-based hyperspectral characterization of wetland vegetation with the objective of establishing a reference spectral library to support biodiversity assessment and environmental monitoring. Hyperspectral reflectance measurements were obtained for 41 plant species selected from a total of 63 floristically identified taxa, based on ecological dominance, spatial recurrence across sampling sites (≥3 stands), and suitability for reliable field spectral acquisition. Spectroscopic data were collected from 44 stands representing lagoon shores, islets, and open-water habitats using an ASD FieldSpec spectroradiometer covering the 350–2500 nm spectral range. A set of vegetation indices was applied to evaluate key biophysical and biochemical properties associated with plant vitality, water status, and biomass. The results indicate that the red and near-infrared regions provide the highest discriminatory capability among species, whereas the shortwave infrared region exhibits more limited discriminatory capability. Dominant taxa, including Phragmites australis and Atriplex halimus, displayed elevated near-infrared reflectance, consistent with differences in canopy structure and biochemical composition. Most species showed vegetation index responses broadly indicative of healthy physiological conditions, although interspecific variability suggests contrasting stress responses among taxa. Overall, the study demonstrates the applicability of field-based hyperspectral data for species-level discrimination in wetland environments and delivers a curated spectral library to support biodiversity conservation and long-term ecosystem management at Burullus Lagoon.