A mechanism of cooling hot tumors: lactate attenuates inflammation in dendritic cells [BMDCs]. A mechanism of cooling hot tumors: lactate attenuates inflammation in dendritic cells [BMDCs]

Lactic acid (LA) accumulation in the tumour environment occurs as a result of the accelerated glucose metabolism in tumour cells, the so-called Warburg effect. Because TLR4 agonists are one of the damage-associated molecular patterns, which are important stimulators of dendritic cells in the tumour microenvironment, we assessed the effects of LA on the response to LPS, the TLR4 ligand. Overall design: We performed microarray analyses using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from WT mice that had been stimulated with LPS, LA, or LPS together with LA.