Individual glycemic responses to carbohydrates vary and reflect underlying metabolic physiology

We measured PPGRs using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in 55 well-phenotyped participants challenged with seven different carbohydrates administered in replicate under standardized conditions. We also measured the effects of preloading a rice meal with fiber, protein, or fat (mitigators). To examine the physiologic and molecular basis for inter-individual PPGR differences, we performed gold-standard metabolic tests and multi-omics profiling, including metagenomics.