Hazard Ratio (HR) for the association of marital status and all-cause mortality and selected cause-specific mortality, the Shanghai Men's Health 2002–2008 (n = 52,147) and Shanghai Women's Health Study 1996–2009 (n = 74,857).

Abbreviations: BMI (body mass index), CI (confidence interval), CVD (cardiovascular disease), DM (diabetes mellitus), HRT (hormone replacement therapy), HTN (hypertension), HR (Hazard ratio), SES (socioeconomic status), WHR (waist to hip ratio).‡Adjusted for: age, SES (income, education, occupation), behavioral factors (BMI, WHR, physical activity, ever smoke, ever alcohol drinking, ever Ginseng use), reproductive factors (HRT, menopause, women only), dietary factors (total energy intake, vegetable and fruit intake, and red meat intake), chronic disease at baseline (HTN, DM, baseline CVD, and all other chronic disease).