Research and development of unmanned transportation standards for open-pit mines

The construction of autonomous transportation systems in open-pit mines is an effective measure to reduce on-site personnel, avoid or reduce accidents, and improve production efficiency and equipment utilization. Therefore, in response to the safe production requirements of autonomous transportation in open-pit mines, technical requirements were proposed to regulate such transportation. ① Requirements for autonomous trucks were proposed. The trucks should have autonomous driving capability and be able to complete operations according to instructions from the dispatching management platform. They should have environmental perception capability to detect objects that may affect vehicle operation and predict their trajectories. They should have integrated navigation and positioning capability. They should have obstacle avoidance capability and automatically avoid different types of obstacles. They should have the capability to communicate with other equipment. They should have functions for storing operating status and fault information of autonomous trucks. They should have safety monitoring and management functions. They should have remote driving capability to support one operator controlling multiple vehicles. They should have high-precision maps containing lane lines, traffic signs, guardrails, and other information to meet the requirements of perception, positioning, planning, decision-making, and control for autonomous driving. They should also be able to operate in harsh mining environments such as dust, rain, snow, fog, severe vibration and extreme temperatures. ② Functional requirements of the onboard control system were proposed, including operation task processing and execution, environmental perception, planning and decision-making, positioning and navigation, vehicle control, safe parking, emergency parking, Vehicle to Everything (V2X), safety monitoring, data storage, and Over-the-Air (OTA) upgrade. ③ Requirements for drive-by-wire systems were proposed, including drive, steering, braking, lifting, status monitoring, and driving warning systems. ④ Requirements for autonomous operating environments were proposed, including the operating environment, stripping areas, dump sites, haul roads, parking areas, and refueling area sites. ⑤ Inspection requirements were proposed for intelligent incremental components of autonomous trucks, instruments, lighting and electrical systems, steering systems, power systems, lifting systems, and vehicle body components.