Model comparison results for confirmatory factor analysis.

Structural equation models (SEMs) were evaluated based on difference in Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) values. Small values represent an increased parsimony-informed fit to the data. AIC values were calculated based on the discrepancy between the statistical model for a hypothesis (Ĉ) and the number of parameters (k). Dx values represent the proportion of the variance explained by the focal model relative to null expectations of no boldness structure. Dx can be interpreted as analogous to R2. Unlisted models were those where the data did not converge within 50 iterations.