Remodeling of Histone lactylation, acetylation, and methylation in circulating monocytes by BCG vaccination

The innate immune system can develop memory-like features, recalling past infections or vaccinations and enabling more efficient responses to future threats, a process known as trained immunity (cite). Trained innate immune cells triggered by various microbial components or vaccines such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), can confer broad-spectrum, heterologous (non-specific) protection against diverse pathogens. Subjects were vaccinated in with BCG vaccine and lood samples were obtained immediately before BCG vaccination (day 0) and subsequently on day 14 and day 90 post-vaccination Overall design: Blood was collected using venapuncture and PBMCs were isolated at three time points following BCG vaccination: baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. Circulating monocytes were isolated and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) was performed to map genome-wide distribution of H3K4me1, H3K27ac and H3K18lac.