Interactions betweeen gestational age and HMO concentrations (LMM test) - Effect of postpartum and postmenstrual age on the oligosaccharide profile of very preterm, preterm, and term human milk

Fixed-effect parameter estimates from linear mixed models (LMM) for each HMO on postpartum (PP) age and postmenstrual (PM) age time scales. Models included time category and GA group (Very Preterm, Preterm, Term) as fixed effects, their interaction, and subject ID as random intercept. Data were log-transformed (log₁₊₁) where Kolmogorov–Smirnov test indicated non-normal residuals. β: fixed-effect estimate; SE: standard error; z: Wald statistic; CI: 95% confidence interval. Significant p-values (p < 0.05) shown in bold red.