Measuring reproductive costs is crucial to understanding sexual conflict and its evolutionary outcomes. Sexual conflict is thought to originate from anisogamy â the size difference between male and
The paradigm of competitive males vying to influence female mate choice has been repeatedly upheld, but, increasingly, studies also report competitive females and choosy males. One female trait that i
Exaggerated male traits can evolve under intra- or intersexual selection, but it remains less clear how often both mechanisms act together on trait evolution. While the males of many anthropoid primat
Natural selection favours increased investment in reproduction, yet consider- able variation in parental investment is observed in natural populations. Life- history theory predicts that this variatio
