Taking PISA Seriously: How Accurate are Low Stakes Exams?
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PISA is seen as the gold standard for evaluating educational outcomes worldwide. Yet, being a low-stakes exam, students may not take it seriously resulting in downward biased scores and inaccurate rankings. This paper provides a method to identify and account for non-serious behavior in low-stakes
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美国国家经济研究局创建时间：
2018-08-01
