juliensimon/neutron-monitor-cosmic-rays
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来自中子监测数据库(NMDB)的每小时宇宙射线强度测量数据,NMDB是全球地面宇宙射线探测器网络。中子监测器检测到银河宇宙射线与地球大气相互作用时产生的次级中子。计数率是地球宇宙射线强度的代理,并受到太阳活动(11年周期)、瞬态太阳事件(Forbush减少)和地磁条件的调制。高纬度和高海拔站点的地磁截止刚度较低,因此对低能宇宙射线更敏感。银河宇宙射线(GCRs)是相对论性带电粒子——主要是质子和重核——被超新星残余激波加速到GeV-TeV能量。当它们进入太阳系时,它们的通量受到太阳风向外对流磁场的调制:在太阳活动极大期,增强的磁湍流使地球上的计数率比太阳活动极小期减少15-25%。在更短的时间尺度上,中子监测器是Forbush减少的主要地面探测器——宇宙射线强度的突然下降(通常在几小时内下降3-15%),由行星际CME的通过引起。地面增强(GLEs)——计数率的罕见但显著增加——标志着来自最强大太阳耀斑的GeV能量太阳高能粒子的到达。该数据集适用于时间序列预测和表格回归任务。
Hourly cosmic ray intensity measurements from the Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB) -- the worldwide network of ground-based cosmic ray detectors. Neutron monitors detect secondary neutrons produced when galactic cosmic rays interact with Earths atmosphere. The count rate is a proxy for cosmic ray intensity at Earth and is modulated by solar activity (11-year cycle), transient solar events (Forbush decreases), and geomagnetic conditions. Higher-latitude and higher-altitude stations have lower geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, making them more sensitive to lower-energy cosmic rays. Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) are relativistic charged particles -- predominantly protons and heavier nuclei -- accelerated to GeV-TeV energies by supernova remnant shocks. As they enter the heliosphere, their flux is modulated by the solar winds outward-convecting magnetic field: during solar maximum, enhanced magnetic turbulence reduces the count rate at Earth by 15-25% compared to solar minimum. On shorter timescales, neutron monitors are the primary ground-based detectors for Forbush decreases -- sudden drops in cosmic ray intensity (typically 3-15% over hours) caused by the passage of interplanetary CMEs. Ground-level enhancements (GLEs) -- rare but dramatic increases in count rate -- signal the arrival of GeV-energy solar energetic particles from the most powerful solar flares. This dataset is suitable for time-series forecasting, tabular regression tasks.




